EV transition targets out of reach without mining more copper than in all of history: IEF

Policy makers should consider shifting the focus from 100 percent electric vehicles to hybrid models, according to the report. Shutterstock
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Updated 01 October 2024
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EV transition targets out of reach without mining more copper than in all of history: IEF

RIYADH: The world needs to mine more than double the amount of copper ever excavated in human history if it wants to hit widespread electric vehicle targets, according to a new study.

Analysis by the International Energy Forum warns that unless the industry is rapidly expanded, there will not be enough of the metal available to ensure the 2025 EV adoption goals set by the UN’s  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

According to the report, electrifying the global vehicle fleet would necessitate the opening of 55 percent more new copper mines by 2035 – and this expansion needs to be encouraged by governments. 

The IEF study also warned that copper demand between 2018 and 2050 is set to be 115 percent greater than all of the metal that has ever been excavated before this point.

As a result, policy makers should consider shifting the focus from 100 percent electric vehicles to hybrid models to help stop the automotive industry dominating this resource, which is widely used across the economy. 

“Under today’s policy settings for copper mining, it is highly unlikely that there will be enough additional new mines to achieve 100 percent electric vehicles by 2035, only the first small step toward decarbonization. So we need to manage this transition,” said Joseph McMonigle, secretary general of the IEF. 

He added: “To make the best use of the available copper supply, governments should prioritize economy-wide electrification, which is the foundation of climate policy. Moreover, governments need to incentivize and support new copper mine projects because, without it, 100 percent adoption of EVs is not an achievable target.” 

McMonigle said that the EV industry will continue to be a significant segment in the automotive market and “should continue to thrive based on consumer preference and the growing array of vehicles available, but 100 percent adoption by 2035 is unlikely.” 

Hybrid electric vehicles an option to minimize copper demand

According to the report, copper plays a crucial role in electricity generation, distribution, and storage, and the adoption of EVs is one of the most effective solutions for reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. 

However, unprecedented copper requirements of electric car batteries will compete with the electricity needs of countries which are in the early stages of development. 

“Copper demand for EV manufacture could increase the price of copper very substantially and significantly impede the advance of less developed areas,” the report said. 

The energy think tank said that manufacturing a traditional internal combustion engine vehicle requires 24 kg of copper, while an EV demands 60 kg. 

On the other hand, a hybrid electric vehicle requires 29 kg of copper, which would have a negligible impact on the demand for metal.

“Policymakers might consider changing the vehicle electrification goal from 100 percent EV to 100 percent hybrid manufacture by 2035. This would allow for future output of existing and new copper mines to be used for the developing world to catch up with the developed world in electrification,” said IEF in the report. 




Copper mining needs to expand rapidly to meet demand. Shutterstock

According to the US Department of Energy, hybrid EVs are powered by an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors, which use the power stored in batteries. 

A hybrid EV cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine. 

Citing a report by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, IEF further pointed out that EVs and hybrids scored similarly based on their cost to human health from air pollution associated with vehicle manufacturing and disposal, the production and distribution of fuel or electricity, and vehicle tailpipe emissions. 

Responsible copper mining strategy to be encouraged

The energy forum also underscored the importance of encouraging responsible copper mining strategies by governments worldwide to meet the demand for this metal. 

“The baseline outlook for copper supply in the report, based on historical trends, sees supply rising by 82 percent by 2050, peaking in 2086, and then falling sharply. However, the report also cites projections based on the pipeline of copper projects, which shows a decline in supply as soon as 2026,” said IEF. 

It added: “The report argues that mining should be recognized as essential, and exploration and responsible copper mine development strongly encouraged.” 

The analysis highlighted that the mining industry is facing various challenges including limited land access, low discovery rates and a 23-year lead time for mines to come into production. 

The energy think tank added that governments are hesitant to approve mine permits even in areas where significant copper reserves are discovered. 

According to IEF, the mining industry will need to explore and mine deeper to obtain the copper the world needs, while exploration in subsurface mines will be safer and have a smaller environmental footprint.  

“The message that we may not be able to mine materials fast enough to meet humanity’s desires even if there are more than enough of these materials to meet all of humanity’s needs has proven difficult to effectively deliver, yet its effective delivery and subsequent discussion is necessary to the formulation of realistic energy resource policies,” said IEF. 

In April, the International Energy Agency released an additional report stating that global battery production must be scaled up to meet the climate and energy security goals set at the 2023 UN Climate Change Conference.

During the COP28 summit, nearly 200 countries agreed to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, double the pace of energy efficiency improvements, and transition away from fossil fuels.

The IEA report also added that ensuring energy security requires greater diversity in supply chains, including extracting and processing the critical minerals used in batteries.


Global markets: Shares rise on China-US trade hopes, dollar on the back foot

Updated 27 June 2025
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Global markets: Shares rise on China-US trade hopes, dollar on the back foot

PARIS: Global shares rallied on Friday, helped by signs of progress in US-China trade talks, while the dollar held close to its lowest levels in more than three years.

World stock markets have rallied to record highs this week, as traders took confidence from a ceasefire between Iran and Israel and markets stepped up bets for US rate cuts.

A trade agreement between the US and China on Thursday on how to expedite rare earth shipments to the US was also seen by markets as a positive sign, amid efforts to end the tariff war between the world’s two biggest economies.

Asian shares hit their highest in more than three years in early trading, and US stock futures pointed to a firm start for Wall Street shares.

The pan-European STOXX 600 index was up 0.8 percent on the day, set for a 1.1 percent weekly gain — its best week since mid-May.

London’s FTSE 100 was up 0.5 percent and Germany’s DAX gained 0.6 percent.

The MSCI World Equity Index touched a fresh record high and was set for a weekly gain of 2.8 percent.

The S&P 500 index is up just 4.4 percent this year overall, following a volatile first half of the year, dominated by US President Donald Trump’s “Liberation Day” tariff announcement on April 2, which sent stocks plunging.

“What we are having right now is potentially some optimism about some trade deals,” said Vasileios Gkionakis, senior economist and strategist at Aviva Investors.

“We have ... come from quite low levels in the aftermath of the Liberation Day in April. To a certain extent we have also had some mini-selloff on the back of the events in the Middle East, and in that sense we’re rebounding.”

Trump has set July 9 as the deadline for the EU and other countries to reach a deal to reduce tariffs.

Mark Haefele, chief investment officer at UBS Global Wealth Management said that in the near-term, the firm saw greater upside potential in US and emerging markets than in Europe.

Dollar drop

The dollar remained on the backfoot, hovering near its lowest level in 3-1/2 years against the euro and sterling.

The dollar index was down a touch on the day at 97.269 , holding near its lowest in more than three years. The euro was at $1.1708, getting a lift after data showed French consumer prices rose more than expected in June.

It held near multi-year peaks hit a day earlier.

“We see the US dollar as unattractive,” said Haefele at UBS Wealth Management.

Markets are focused on US monetary policy, as traders weigh up the possibility of Trump announcing a new, more dovish chair of the Federal Reserve.

Traders have stepped up their bets on US rate cuts, and are now pricing in 64 basis points (bps) of easing this year versus 46 bps expected on Friday.

The dollar is having its worst start to a year since the era of free-floating currencies began in the early 1970s.

“I don’t think it’s just the repricing of the Fed, I think there is a broader issue here of some tarnishing of US exceptionalism,” Aviva Investors’ Gkionakis said.

Core PCE price data, the US central bank’s preferred measure of inflation, is due later in the session.

German 30-year government bond yields were on track for their biggest weekly increase in nearly four months after rising this week on expectations of increased borrowing by Germany’s government.

 


PIF embraces ‘precision finance’ with diversified debt strategy, says Global SWF

Updated 27 June 2025
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PIF embraces ‘precision finance’ with diversified debt strategy, says Global SWF

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund is embracing a calibrated, multi-instrument approach to debt issuance described by Global SWF as a model of “precision finance.”

According to the research firm, the purpose — following the issuance of the commercial paper program in June — is to align PIF’s funding tools with investment timelines, liquidity needs, and investor targeting, while reinforcing financial discipline across its expanding portfolio.

In its report, Global SWF noted that PIF is moving away from a singular focus on long-term mega-bond issuances and toward a more agile debt framework that includes commercial paper, sukuk, green bonds, and multi-tranche conventional bonds.

This strategy is designed not just to raise capital, but to do so with precision, which is matching maturities to project lifecycles and diversifying funding sources across global markets.

Global SWF highlighted that PIF’s latest move, completes a full-spectrum debt portfolio that now includes ultra-short to ultra-long maturity instruments.

The commercial paper, issued in US dollar and euro denominations via offshore special-purpose vehicles, secured the highest short-term credit ratings available: Prime-1 from Moody’s and F1+ from Fitch.

These ratings reflect exceptional credit quality and grant PIF access to deep liquidity pools among institutional investors such as money market funds.

The commercial paper program is a critical addition to a borrowing strategy that also includes a $3 billion 100-year green bond issued in October 2022, a $5.5 billion green bond in February 2023, a $3.5 billion sukuk in October 2023, and a series of multi-tranche bonds and sukuk issued through early 2025. 

With each offering, PIF has tailored tenor, currency, and structure to match specific financial and investor objectives.

The evolution of PIF’s financial strategy is closely tied to its broader transformation under Vision 2030. Since 2016, the fund has grown its assets under management from $160 billion to $941.3 billion, according to the latest Vision 2030 Annual Report. It has now increased its 2030 AUM target to $2.67 trillion, reflecting its expanded mandate and rising international profile.

PIF’s investment strategy is balanced between domestic development and global positioning. About 40 percent of its assets are allocated to Saudi-based companies and projects, while the remaining 60 percent target international sectors such as technology, logistics, mining, and tourism.

According to the Vision 2030 report, PIF’s initiatives have helped create 1.1 million jobs, attracted over $37 billion in private capital, and grown the number of PIF-established companies from 45 in 2021 to 93 in 2024.

A strategic departure from Gulf norms

While other sovereign wealth funds such as Norway’s NBIM remain entirely debt-free, and Singapore’s Temasek or China Investment Corporation borrow sparingly, PIF has opted for a hybrid model, one that combines government equity injections with strategic use of debt instruments.

According to Global SWF, this is not a matter of opportunistic borrowing. Rather, PIF is practicing deliberate asset-liability matching which focuses on issuing long-dated bonds to support giga-projects like NEOM or The Line, while using short-term debt for working capital needs and market-timed investments.

Sukuk offerings help tap into regional Islamic finance liquidity, and green bonds target environmental, social, and governance-focused global capital.

This differentiated approach allows PIF to broaden its investor base while keeping funding costs aligned with the nature and duration of its projects.

Why ratings matter

The fund’s credibility is bolstered by strong long-term credit ratings: Aa3 from Moody’s and A+ from Fitch. This has allowed it to secure favorable terms on successive bond offerings and confirmed that PIF is regarded as an exceptionally low-risk short-term borrower, giving it seamless access to institutional liquidity globally.

Global SWF emphasized that the ratings, combined with diverse issuance formats, position PIF among a small group of sovereign wealth funds with the internal capability to manage complex, multi-layered debt programs.

Saudi Arabia is currently navigating a tighter fiscal environment, with a projected 2.3 percent budget deficit in 2025 and a more disciplined approach to public spending.

In this context, PIF’s access to capital markets is more than just financial, according to Global SWF, it serves as a strategic bridge that enables ongoing project execution without placing undue pressure on state reserves.

The firm noted that the fund’s recent bond and sukuk calendar illustrates a sequenced and diversified funding plan, rather than reliance on a single issuance type. This is especially important as global interest rates remain volatile and investors increasingly scrutinize sovereign debt sustainability.

Rather than treating debt as a one-off tool, the fund is deploying it systematically, by tenor, purpose, and investor group, to support a $2.6 trillion vision for economic diversification and global investment leadership.

As the Kingdom approaches the final stretch of Vision 2030 implementation, PIF’s capital strategy offers a case study in how sovereign wealth funds can combine financial discipline, market sophistication, and national ambition under a unified financing framework.


Safe-haven gold near a 1-month low as global tensions ebb

Updated 54 min 12 sec ago
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Safe-haven gold near a 1-month low as global tensions ebb

BENGALURU: Gold fell more than 1 percent to its lowest level in nearly a month on Friday due to easing geopolitical and trade tensions and as investors awaited US inflation data for clues on the future trajectory of interest rates.

Spot gold lost 1.4 percent to $3,282.68 per ounce by 1:55 p.m. Saudi time, its lowest since late May. Prices have fallen by over 2 percent this week and more than $200 from a record high scaled in April.

US gold futures fell 1.6 percent to $3,294.50.

The Iran-Israel ceasefire, brokered earlier this week by US President Donald Trump, is holding for now.

A White House official said on Thursday that the US has reached an agreement with China on how to expedite rare earths shipments to the US.

July 9 is the deadline for Trump’s “reciprocal” tariffs as nations rush to get an agreement.

“The loss of haven demand has meant that despite the latest leg down in the dollar, gold has not benefited from this at all,” said Fawad Razaqzada, market analyst at City Index and FOREX.com.

“A bit of a pullback would not be too bad an outcome as that will allow long-term technical overbought conditions on higher time frames to work off, allowing the metal to shine again when macro conditions are more favorable once more.”

Spot silver fell 1.8 percent to $35.96.

Platinum dropped 5.9 percent to $1,334.63, after hitting its highest since 2014. Palladium fell 1.2 percent to $1,117.96.

The main reason for the price increase in platinum was likely to be the high discount to gold, which is apparently considered too expensive, said Commerzbank in a note. 


Oil Updates — crude set to log steepest weekly decline in 2 years as war premium vanishes

Updated 57 min 6 sec ago
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Oil Updates — crude set to log steepest weekly decline in 2 years as war premium vanishes

  • Brent, WTI down 12 percent this week, most since March 2023
  • No major supply disruption from Mid-East crisis, analysts say

LONDON: Oil prices rose on Friday though were set for their steepest weekly decline since March 2023, as the absence of significant supply disruption from the Iran-Israel conflict saw any risk premium evaporate.

Brent crude futures rose 50 cents, or 0.7 percent, to $68.23 a barrel by 1:36 p.m. Saudi time while US West Texas Intermediate crude gained 49 cents, or nearly 0.8 percent, to $65.73.

During the 12-day war that started after Israel targeted Iran’s nuclear facilities on June 13, Brent prices rose briefly to above $80 a barrel before slumping to $67 a barrel after US President Donald Trump announced an Iran-Israel ceasefire.

That put both contracts on course for a weekly fall of about 12 percent.

“The market has almost entirely shrugged off the geopolitical risk premiums from almost a week ago as we return to a fundamentals-driven market,” said Rystad analyst Janiv Shah.

“The market also has to keep eyes on the OPEC+ meeting – we do expect room for one more month of an accelerated unwinding basis balances and structure, but the key question is how strong the summer demand indicators are showing up to be.”

The OPEC+ members will meet on July 6 to decide on August production levels.

Prices were also being supported by multiple oil inventory reports that showed strong draws in the middle distillates, said Tamas Varga, a PVM Oil Associates analyst.

Data from the US Energy Information Administration on Wednesday showed crude oil and fuel inventories fell a week earlier, with refining activity and demand rising.

Meanwhile, data on Thursday showed that the independently held gasoil stocks at the Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp refining and storage hub fell to their lowest in over a year, while Singapore’s middle distillates inventories declined as net exports climbed week on week.

Additionally, China’s Iranian oil imports surged in June as shipments accelerated before the conflict and demand from independent refineries improved, analysts said.

China is the world’s top oil importer and biggest buyer of Iranian crude. It bought more than 1.8 million barrels per day of Iranian crude from June 1-20, according to ship-tracker Vortexa, a record high based on the firm’s data. 


Pakistani stocks decline by 715 points over profit-taking after two days of gains

Updated 26 June 2025
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Pakistani stocks decline by 715 points over profit-taking after two days of gains

  • KSE-100 Index closes at 122,046.46 points, witnessing a decline of 0.58 percent, as per stock market data
  • Profit-taking driven by fiscal year-end considerations, short-term portfolio rebalancing, says financial analyst

ISLAMABAD: The Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) witnessed a bearish trend on Thursday after two days of gains, losing 715.18 points to close at 122,046.46 points, which a financial analyst attributed to profit-taking driven by fiscal year-end considerations.

The PSX closed at 122,046.46 points when trading ended on Thursday, witnessing a negative change of 0.58 percent. The KSE-100 had closed at 122,761.64 points on Wednesday and before that on Tuesday, it surged by 6,079 points or 5.23 percent to close at 122,246 points. Analysts attributed the surge on Tuesday to the ceasefire announcement between Iran and Israel.

As many as 473 companies transacted their shares in the stock market on Thursday, with 200 of them recording gains and 237 sustaining losses, state-run Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) said, adding that the share price of 36 companies remained unchanged.

“After two consecutive sessions of strong gains, the local bourse witnessed a round of profit-taking today, driven by fiscal year-end considerations and short-term portfolio rebalancing,” Maaz Mulla, the vice president of equity sales at Topline Securities Limited, said in a statement.

Mulla said the benchmark KSE-100 index saw a “volatile ride“— climbing 656 points intraday before losing 715 points at close of business. He said the closing figure of 122,046 points reflected “a cautious investor mood” as the quarter draws to a close.

He said despite the decline at the end of the day, the overall market activity remained “vibrant.”

“Total traded volume clocked in at 750 million shares, with a traded value of PKR 29.8 billion,” Mulla said.

APP reported that the three top trading companies on Thursday were Pak Int. Bulk with 37,503,501 shares traded at Rs 8.52 per share, WorldCall Telecom with 33,285,442 shares at Rs 1.45 per share and Pervez Ahmed Co. with 32,962,174 shares at Rs 3.29 per share.